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Salon.com
JUNE 16, 2009 10:06AM

Do African-Americans Deserve Reparations for Slavery?

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The issue of reparations for slavery is a divisive one in America. While a  2002 opinion poll found that 67 percent of African-Americans supported monetary reparations, only 4 percent of whites agreed. If whites were to compensate African-Americans for their centuries of servitude, how much would it cost? According to Harper’s Magazine, the United States owes African-Americans over $100 trillion  in reparations, based on 222,505,049 hours of forced labor between 1619 and 1865, with a compounded interest of 6%.

Is there precedent for such an action?  Since 1951, Germany has paid an estimated $25 billion in reparations to Israeli Holocaust survivors. 

But let's not kid ourselves into thinking the United States will follow Germany's lead.  Whites here are much more comfortable with the idea of  spending $1.3 trillion to torture and kill dark-skinned people in Iraq than they are with using that money to recompense the descendants of the slaves who helped build our nation.

Admittedly, a $100 trillion payoff in a country with a GDP of $14.2 trillion is nigh impossible.  At the very least, an apology would be nice. But even that proved too much to bear for the 70 percent of whites who opposed last year's formal apology for slavery.

Affirmative Action?  This is yet another sore spot for whites, 74% of whom oppose  giving some racial groups preference for private sector jobs to increase diversity.

Whites support the status quo and no wonder, it has been very good for them these last 500 years.

But here is the way I view the situation: life is like the game of Monopoly. African-Americans were not even allowed to play until 1865 and then for the next hundred years whites let them roll the dice but not collect their full $200 for passing Go or inherit the money in the middle for landing on Free Parking. Today African-Americans are free to buy anything they wish; only they are unable to afford much given whites 400 year head start.

monopoly_board

The effects of slavery and Jim Crow reverberate today in the disparity between white and black wealth. According to the Consumer Federation of America, median household wealth among blacks is less than a quarter of that of whites and eighty percent of African-American children begin their adult lives with no assets whatsoever.  But according to Melvin Oliver, co-author of Black Wealth/White Wealth, "That's not the case for white kids. If they don't have financial resources in hand, they have access to them through their families. Most black kids don't have that available to them."

Oliver goes on to add that "as much as 80 percent of the wealth people accumulate over the course of their lifetimes actually begins as a gift from a relative. That gift can come in the form of a down payment on a first home, a college education, or an inheritance from a parent or grandparent."

You can see this disparity in action when comparing the current occupant of the Oval Office with the prior tenant. Bush used his familial connections to avert financial ruin, then buy the Texas Rangers and finally win the Presidency with a little help from his baby brother. Obama on the other hand had to run a nearly flawless campaign against a clearly overmatched and seemingly senile opponent to win last year's election.

And for those who think racism is no longer relevant, look at the compromises Obama had to make to win the presidency such as speaking out against reparations and throwing his own pastor the Reverand Jeremiah Wright under the bus. The compromises continue in the Obama cabinet, which has plenty of room for white mediocrities such as Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. Judging by the racial makeup of the cabinet, there is only one fellow African-American, Attorney General Eric Holder, competent enough to advise our President.

And we call this progress? It sounds like more of the same white mediocrities in high places to me.

If we can afford to spend nearly a trillion dollars bailing out the predominantly white bankers whose greed got us into this recession, what's another trillion to pay back the people who helped build this country through the blood and sweat of their forced labor?

To those who complain that their ancestors did not personally own slaves, I say suck it up.This country would be in more disarray that it is already if we all personally decided where our tax dollars went. Seventeen states fund abortions for poor women. What about all the pro-life people in those states who must fund a procedure they consider murder? And what about the Amish, Quakers and other pacifists currently paying for the wars of the Middle East with their tax money?

To those who contend the paying out of reparations is too complicated, I offer up the Germans who figured out a way to do it.  If the United States of America can put a man on the moon, we can surely figure out a fair way to divvy up reparations.

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Be sure to reddit and digg everyone. Reddit is the little alien-looking guy next to the Email icon. It only takes seconds to Reddit and you don't even need to enter your e-mail address. This has been posted to both sites already.
I guess this is a classic example of when economic realities clash with moral obligations. We all know that no amount in the trillions will ever be paid even if they should be.

I believe in affirmative action, and yes, an apology would be nice.
This is well structured and rational, and completely outside of the realm of feasibility. Personally, since I know that nothing will be done to correct past atrocities, I would like to see renewed efforts to level the playing field going forward. School systems and community development efforts within the inner city designed to genuinely address the problems... will not maintain the status quo. It will help to put things in balance. We also have to remember that we do not live in a bi-racial country. We live in a multi-racial country. Balance is needed all around.
Fox News pays millions of dollars each year to racist, bigoted people like O'Reilly and earns much more in revenue. Let's start by billing Rupert Murdoch and have America pick up the rest of the tab. And yes, a formal apology IS in order. Reddited and Dugg.
Oh...this is going to get some interesting comments. I can't remember now if you saw my recent post about Affirmative Action: Dr. Seuss Style, but it resembles you metaphor...great job. If you don't mind, I'm going to add a link to yours. Can't wait to check back on this debate. Hang in there.
It would be the right thing to do, the moral thing, but it won't ever be done, sadly. Any more than reparations will be paid to Native Americans.
Yes, reparations are in order - not only for forced labor, but also for theft of intellectual property. One of the things that (white) history text books do not talk about in terms of slavery is that the original plantation owners knew nothing about farming in the semi-tropical climate of the south. Slavers stole African people who did. It was Africans' knowledge - their intellectual property - on which southern agriculture and by extention northern industry was based.

If we agree that not only an apology, but reparations are in order even I am not surprised that most white folks disagree - definitely check out Noah's Dr. Seuss story. The question becomes how are reparations paid out?

@Harp - I like your suggestion that reparations should be given back to communities - can you imagine what those hundreds of billions that we paid to the thieves that got us into this recession could do if invested in inner city communities, education, black cultural and economic institutions, etc?

I am grateful that you brought this discussion to OS. Rated, reddited and emailed.
Two relevant comments from Reddit:

From LetsGoHawks:

I say no, they don't.

1) All of the former American slaves are dead. So are their children and most if not all of their grandchildren. We would not be compensating the victims of the crime but their descendants. This is not to argue slavery did not have an effect the current conditions in black America, but where do you draw the line? If my Great Grandfather had all of his money stolen and I figure out who did it, should I be able to sue the descendants of that person? They didn't commit the crime, why should they suffer?

2) How do you decide who gets paid, and how much? Everyone would need to have their geneology researched to figure out the percentage. What if a person has a white grandmother and a spanish great grandfather? Or what if one parent goes all the way back to slave ancestors but the other migrated to the US from Europe about 20 years ago?

3) What about the payors? In my case, my Mother came to the US in the mid 1960's. Half of my Dad's family came to the US during the Civil War. Do I only need to pay a 25% share since my ancestors didn't commit the crime?

4) Reparations aren't going to help black America that much. Are they going to make fathers stick around? Make parents make their kids go to school and try? Encourage condom use to prevent unwanted pregnancies which are a big part of why people get trapped in poverty? Make pop culture stop glorifying the drugs 'n thugs lifestyle?

Instead of reparations, perhaps we could start providing better social services designed to solve root cause issues that affect not just the black community but ALL people stuck in a cycle of poverty.

-----
From ehorgan:

Ugh.

No. Crazily racist article. Nothing that article says about white people applies to me or to any but 1 of my friends/family. We worked for what we have, just like most other white people in this country. None of us owned slaves, most of my great-grandparents came to this country after the civil war. I feel I don't owe a dime. It's unfortunate that people have to deal with racism, and irresponsible parents, but again, that's not my fault. It's unfortunate that instead of investment, saving, etc., I see young black men waste their money on gold chains, rims, cars, etc., but again, that's not my fault. It's unfortunate that I see more young black men going into unskilled jobs than going to college, but since the same opportunities were open to them (including a LOT more scholarship opportunities, and more opportunities for loans), it's not my fault, and I'm not paying anything.

I'm more than willing to pay taxes to support programs to help people out of poverty, help them get the healthcare they need, help them buy a home to begin building wealth, and help them go to school ... as long as those programs are color-blind. But to give a hand-out to a segment of the population just because of skin color seems like a gigantic step backwards to me.
Noahvose: I read your Dr. Seuss article and put it up on Reddit. I'll try to answer the other comments later but don't have time at the moment.

http://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/8snbl/affirmative_action_dr_seuss_style_a_parable_on/?already_submitted=true
Who should be paid? All blacks? What if they never had a slave in their family should they be paid just because they are black? What is the responsibility of African nations who sold their own people into slavery? Should they pay as well?

Should whites who never owned slave be exempt? Why should I pay, I never owned a slave ( my parents, grandparents, great grandparents, great great grandparents who lived in Mississippi no less) never owned slaves. They did not have plantations?

The whole issue is racist in nature. It assumes all blacks are victims and all whites were the cause. It is not true. What about whites who died to end slavery. I am not going to take the blame for what some whites did to some blacks just because of the color of my skin.

All we can do as a society is correct the problems. For the past 50 years there has been a certain amount of field leveling and I have no problem with affirmative action. Perfect no, could more be done? Sure and that is true with all problems.

Obama is the future. He did not run on race. And the majority of voters did not vote for or against him because of his race. Are there still racist out there, you bet, but they are not all white. It is time to move on and embrace the future not live in the past. The task at hand is to keep the playing field level as possible. The constitution grants all the right to pursue happiness, the pursuit is guaranteed not the results.

My ancestors fled Ireland and Scotland to escape religious and economic persecution. But, that was 150 years ago. I don't expect England to make good for some past mistakes made by people who are long gone and dead.
I'm all for reperations. Any living person who can prove they were enslaved by the government of the United States should receive some kind of payment.

And if you think I am being rude consider this, my great grandfather came to this country in the hold of a ship, having been booted out of his native homeland. He worked in a coal mine to pay off his passage and living expense to the company, and had little or nothing left over. He finally escaped and homesteaded 160 acres of rough land. Everything he had he earned. Everything my grandfater got he earned. Everything my father got he earned and everything I have I earned.
The government can start with 'reparations' aimed at uplifting black communities and schools. Affirmative action aimed at not just blacks, but all those in dire poverty. Here in the Atlanta area, opportunity is defined by wealth and surroundings. Living across the county line can be the difference between excellent public schools and failing gang infested underfunded public school nightmares.

we also need a formal apology, a national museum and monument.

And, Ron Kirk, Lisa Jackson and Susan Rice are also African American members of Obama's cabinet. It's not just Holder and the President.
Ocularnervosa: Your family has had four generations to accumulate wealth in this country. The playing field for African-Americans has only been legalistically level since the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Discrimination still occurs, only it is not as blatant today. Therefore I think Affirmative Action is necessary to right both past wrongs and present ones.
Yes, they do for this reason:

"Eighty percent of African-American children begin their adult lives with no assets whatsoever. But according to Melvin Oliver, co-author of Black Wealth/White Wealth, "That's not the case for white kids. If they don't have financial resources in hand, they have access to them through their families. Most black kids [for generations] don't have that available to them, [nor will their offspring."]

Their inheritances, whether great or small, were violently usurped.
Travis: Your link for the Holocaust compensation goes to the Institute for Historical Review- a well known holocaust denial outfit and hence an altogether untrustworthy source.
As to your main point of reparations. I agree that the emancipated slaves should have been compensated somehow. But it's now 150 years after the fact. It's just way too complicated to figure out who should pay whom.
As an alternative, I think the society would benefit from a huge 'do-over' once every 50-100 years. In the bible there is the year of the jubilee every 50th year when the land was redistributed. In your analogy of monopoly, every player starts out with equal shares. Likewise I think it's healthy in a capitalist economy to have a one-time wealth redistribution every 50 years or so, and then let people compete on an equal basis the rest of the time.
Roger: Congress did issue an apology last year although the American people disagreed with it.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/29/AR2008072902279.html

Harp: Thanks for the comment: the people on Reddit called me an irrational racist. Anyways I like your realistic approach.

Cartouche: And don't forget Limbaugh. He's an even bigger racist than O'Reilly. Remember the Donavan McNabb brouhaha a few years ago?

Shivaun: Thanks for the information. I was unaware of how much slaves taught their masters. This is something I was never taught in my history courses.
Travis,

The majority of families do not pass any great amount of wealth to the next generation. This is true for both white and black families. I would imagine most inheritances amount to far less than a years wages for the recepients.

This idea that whites collectively have had 4 generations to generate their wealth in my estimation does not hold any merit. The majority of this country are poor, working class, and lower middle and middle class families. What my great great great grandfather did or accumulated has no impact on my personal wealth. And I don't think this is atypical of most whites in this country.
I am deeply sorry that extremely wealthy white people saw fit to enslave Africans for hundreds of years, but I don't agree with reparations. I find it sickening that you propose to put a dollar amount on human suffering. What, really, is a hundred trillion dollars? The people who were enslaved will certainly not be improved by their distant relatives receiving funds, and those who do receive reparations will be reminded that they can still be bought and sold.
Bikelizard,

The whole idea of reparations is racist. It is making the assumption all white people participated in slavery. And it seeks compensation from the government (tax payers) not the individuals who practiced slavery. Why should your taxes go up for something a person did 150 years ago to a person who is dead?

Throughout this country's history it has tried to correct this evil that was once accepted in the world. Not just in the white world, but the entire black, white, Asian, Middle East and Latin world. We tend to think of slavery as a uniquely white enterprise, but truth is almost every civilizations in the new and old world including Africa has practiced slavery.

Frankly I am not going to take the rap or pay for someone else's actions white or black. Sorry I don't have this collective guilt about racism because I am white. My responsibility ends at my actions not the actions of others.

A 100 trillion dollars, please what a crock. Why not just say a gazillion since it is all made up numbers anyway.
M Todd: This is from USA Today:

The Consumer Federation of America report found that median household wealth among blacks grew 321% between 1989 and 1998, from $3,680 in 1989 to $15,500. However, that still was less than a quarter of the $71,700 accumulated by the typical American household.

http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/general/2002-08-30-black-savings_x.htm

The $100 trillion figure comes from a reputable source: Harper's Magazine as well. It wouldn't be that difficult to arrive at a figure. Simply determine the number of slaves then times that by the minimum wage level for that time period, etc.

But like I said in the article, that would be an impossible figure to pay back. I think affirmative action is a worthwhile compromise.

BikeLizard: Reread my first paragraph. Sixty-seven percent of blacks feel reparations are in order. That hardly sounds like they consider "it a reminder they can be bought and sold".

Insurance actuaries put a price on human suffering every day. It's not sickening but a necessary part of life and death sometimes.

Do you propose we do away with life insurance because it is too sickening to determine how much a human life is worth?
Another hornets nest here. First, if reparations were to be made the native Americans should get them first. They were the original people that were harmed when Europeans colonized the land, second the first slaves imported, bought and sold in the new world were the Irish, notably white folks. Your post suggests that since my skin is white that I somehow owe you an apology and cash for what happened to your distant ancestors. Would that not be the same as asking slaves descendants to pay this reparation to you? Long after African slaves were freed, the Irish and Italians were still being enslaved by the process of indenture. Are the descendants of those people in debt to African Americans too? I don't hold any truck with slavery, it was and is wrong. Those people who were enslaved in name or by condition are owed an apology, but that should not come as a blanket resolution to hold all white people responsible. If you deny the slavery of my ancestors then how are you different from those who claim that your people were in fact helped by being brought here? What of the responsibility of the people who captured, imprisoned, and sold your ancestors? Many of those people were Africans too. Do the descendants of those people owe reparations as well? They are not "white men". Would this excuse the practice of kidnapping people and selling them? Did you know that Jim Crow was not just for African Americans? It applied to the Jews, and Irish and Italian Catholics as well. We were in fact considered to be "colored people"? How would you go about excluding those "white" people who were either by conditon of life or residency from being punished for the actions of those who did hold slaves? What about reparations for the others who were slaves? Would you only pay them to those of African descent? Where is the fairness in that? The Klan targeted Catholics and Jews too, since more African Americans were injured by their actions does that diminish the harm done to the others?

Reparations were owed to those directly harmed by slavery, not their descendants. No one owes me a thing for the harm done to my ancestors. I never lived in that world. What happened in those times was morally reprehensible to both of us. You , however, make the claim that since my skin is lighter than yours that I carry the guilt that rightfully belongs to the same people that held my ancestors in bondage.
I did have ancestors here in the early days of the country. One was a general in Washingtons army. My direct ancestors came here in the late 19th century and worked in coal mines. They owned no slaves. Would you have me pay reparations to you? For no reason other than the color of my skin?
I mean you no disrespect. My questions are meant to provide food for thought on this sensitive subject. The issue is not so cut and dried as it would appear on first glance. The history on the treatment and conditions that met my ancestors is available but is widely ignored.
Tavis,

For example minimum wage did not exist. Most worked for enough to eat and a place to live, period. So if you are going to use a wage factor you have to back out room and board since slaves did not pay either. Also, what about slaves who had greater value as workers, or skilled workers? Should they be compensated more than say a laborer? Or is it a sort of communist idea of all are equal?

The problems with formulas is that they mean nothing. 100 trillion dollars is assuming everything is constant. People make and loose fortunes all the time. White farmers who share cropped lived hand to mouth and also had to accept the risk of a failed crop. Again if we are going to apply some formula you have to account for variations in economic conditions.

I am not denying blacks in the past faced hardships and unfair labor and economic discrepancies. Today, we have free education for almost anyone who wants it and if you are poor you access to college grants and loans. But, how many (white and black) make the most of the opportunity? Our society just can't keep blaming the past for the present problems in communities and families for ever.

There is no dispute there are more middle class and upper middle class whites and they will provide more opportunities for their families. It is not about race it is about family ties. I am not working for the white race. I bust my hump for my family not the next door neighbor's family. And blacks are no different. They are working for their families, not some cosmic black community.

I have no problems with paying taxes for schools and roads and hospitals. There is no problems in my eyes with giving minorities a leg up in the way of grants and other economic opportunities. Not because I feel guilty for some past offense in history, but because it is the only way to even out the discrepancies. If someone does not take advantage of the opportunity, then tough. There will be no free check for something that may or may not have happened to their great, great great grandfather.
hmmm, and what about the indentured servants (a form of slavery) from England sent to America? Should they be paid?
Not to throw a boulder into the puddle but....

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm

"British merchants became involved in the trade and eventually dominated the market. They built coastal forts in Africa where they kept the captured Africans until the arrival of the slave-ships. The merchants obtained the slaves from African chiefs by giving them goods from Europe. At first, these slaves were often the captured soldiers from tribal wars. However, the demand for slaves become so great that raiding parties were organised to obtain young Africans."

So, following the line of reasoning behind reparation, a good few African countries *also* owe reparation to the descendants of slaves. Considering the financial/social disarray of most African countries, I can't see that one working out well.

Slavery is/was wrong *however*, the mores of the day were such that the whites, initially, were merely taking advantage of a system that had been in place in Africa for millenia.

Finally, ask yourself this: would you rather be a descendant of a slave, who now has a home, electricity, clean, running water, an education and all the perks of "civilised" life *because* your ancestors were brought over to America/Britain, or would you rather be a descendant of one of the African tribal slave traders, who faces unspeakable horrors every day, no clean water, no electricity, little to no education available etc?

If anyone wants to go forward with reparation, give the money towards fighting the modern slave trade. Those are the only slaves that need help nowadays.

*sigh*

Webbi
Then women would have to get reparations for being the most oppressed people on Planet Earth, not only in the past but today as well.
In most countries they are still slaves, can't drive, can't go to school, must carry and bear many children and do all the work.

It was only 60 years ago that women couldn't go to college in the U.S.

But you don't hear us asking for reparations.
I am American Indian and African Native... and yet under your demand for reparations *I* would be forced to pay YOU for something that I am not guilty of. HOW, precisely, are you going to prevent people who are something other than white from paying? Charging someone who is Chinese to pay for reparations to blacks would be morally reprehensible when you consider that early Chinese settlers to the US lived in conditions that were in many ways worse than those of former slaves. Equally, charging someone who is American Indian to pay reparations for slavery is morally reprehensible given the treatment of American Indians by both blacks and whites JUST since the Civil War.

Racism is an UGLY thing no matter the color or the person guilty of being racist. A black person calling me a "filthy redskin" is JUST as guilty of racism as a white person calling me a "filthy redskin".
No. How about reparations for the poor, black or white? Not every white person lives above the poverty line, and I know plenty of white people on food stamps who will not be able to offer their children any resources.

Bottom line is, it's hard to be poor. Being poor sucks, no matter what color you are. I'd say pay "reparations" to poor white folk before rich black folk any day of the week. They need the help more.

I rather dislike the concept of "race" anyway. We're all humans. What if one parent is white and one is black? Will we base reparations on how oppressed you were? What if you come from, say, a family that is a first generation legal immigrant family that never owned slaves. Should you be forced to pay reparations?

I say we help out the poorest and neediest among us, white, black, or other - and try for a color blind society. Period. Anything else will just increase racial tensions and highlight "differences" between people that are ridiculous. We all can breed true, people. One day with any luck we'll all just be a blended, "raceless" kind of brownish society. Doesn't that sound nice? Interbreeding to the point where the entire concept of race is ridiculous?

Interbreeding to solve racial issues, not reparations. That's the incandescent solution. ;) (I can usually find a way to use sex to solve almost any problem.)
In theory, yes. This is a very tough question though. A similar debate is going on in Canada with regards to making financial reparations to First Nations people. Land claims are being adjudicated and debated and have been for decades. Canada also recently agreed to repay a head tax that was charged to Chinese immigrants in the last century. Holocaust victims tend to have more recent traceable roots that are likely more easily equated to financial payback (you had a house, it was taken, your artwork is found and traced back to your family etc.). But the slaves, well, they arrived with nothing. Not their fault of course. And it went on so long. A relatively small number of families benefited based on population sizes at the time, and these are not representative of so many more taxpaying citizens who immigrated long after slavery was abolished. So how do you tell someone who may have escaped to the US from Vietnam in a boat 20 years ago that they have to pay up for 300 years of wrong doing?

But, just because it is difficult, does not mean it is wrong-headed to consider this. Even an apology would be a step in the right direction. Has this ever happened? Has the US government ever formally apologized to the descendents of slaves? If not, maybe that is the first step.
Mrs. Raptor: Seventeen states fund abortions for poor women. What about all the pro-life people in those states who must fund a procedure they consider murder?

And what about the Amish, Quakers and other pacifists currently paying for the wars of the Middle East with their tax money?

My point is we don't get to choose where our tax money goes. And yes, African-Americans will partly be paying for their own reparations. Ironic, I know.

JK Brady: I mentioned the apology, which 70 percent of white America opposed, in the original post.
If you can find a person alive today who was a slave, maybe he/she should receive something. On the other hand, we should not be handing out money just to assuage someone's white guilt.

LOL @ cartouche.......I'm not sure how Fox News fits into this idea. But, at least I had a good laugh.

Do you even know the real meaning of "racist"? Or do you prefer the one that Al Sharpton says covers just about any remark made about a black person?
Sorry, I can't agree with much of this. While you're on point about the plight of minorities, and that discrimination is still prevalent, the last thing we need is try legislating our way out of it.

With all due respect, you're sounding like a liberal, and the only thing as bad as a liberal is a conservative...

My response to your "suck it up" comment, is suck it up and work hard to make the wealth your ancestors couldn't make. What happened to the African Americans was abhorrent, as was what happened to the Native Americans, the Women, and many many others... But what's past it past. You can't turn back the clock, and frankly you shouldn't try. Who gets to decide what's fair and equitable for such past evils? Who do you trust to make that call?

The fact of the matter is, there's immigrants coming into this country every day with nothing but the shirts off their backs and a dream. And yet, they manage to carve out a life for themselves through hard work, and hopefully the next generation does a little better then the last...

My own ancestors were only in this country for maybe two generations, but they worked their tails off farming and did the best they could. And now, I'm carrying on that tradition. I DO NOT want you or anyone else trying to tailor the perfect society or correct past ills with your half baked social programs.

Yes, we MUST keep a vigilant eye out against discrimination against sex, race, gender, ect... We must struggle to keep the playing field as even as possible... But the lesser of two evils is and always will be keeping the governments nose out of our affairs as much as possible. I don't care what your party affiliation is, they're ALL crooks, and not ONE of them has the answer for social ills. And if they say they do, they're lying.
Do African-Americans Deserve Reparations for Slavery? Yes! They also deserve reparations for the hell they've been catching since "legal" slavery ended.

Blacks Deserve Reparations for Slavery
Reparation for slavery in what is now the United States is a complicated issue. Any proposal for reparations must take into account the role of the, then relatively newly formed, United States Government in the importation and enslavement of Africans and that of the older and established European countries that created the colonies in which slavery was legal; as well as their efforts to stop the trade in slaves.

- Ryan from online dating service
we all know that no amount of money can repay

the duration of our holocaust..the most significant

part of jewish reparations on behalf of the

germans and the UN was the freeing up of jewish

thinkers.. allowing them to think for a national

behalf...what we africans in a america need

more than ever is a place to go lick our wounds

to come and learn who we are and what we

must peacefully do..we need an instituition that

is our own to cure the mental disease of slavery.

institutions as grand and dedicated

as the colonial europeans were to creating the

condition of slavery..peace