The issue of reparations for slavery is a divisive one in America. While a 2002 opinion poll found that 67 percent of African-Americans supported monetary reparations, only 4 percent of whites agreed. If whites were to compensate African-Americans for their centuries of servitude, how much would it cost? According to Harper’s Magazine, the United States owes African-Americans over $100 trillion in reparations, based on 222,505,049 hours of forced labor between 1619 and 1865, with a compounded interest of 6%.
Is there precedent for such an action? Since 1951, Germany has paid an estimated $25 billion in reparations to Israeli Holocaust survivors.
But let's not kid ourselves into thinking the United States will follow Germany's lead. Whites here are much more comfortable with the idea of spending $1.3 trillion to torture and kill dark-skinned people in Iraq than they are with using that money to recompense the descendants of the slaves who helped build our nation.
Admittedly, a $100 trillion payoff in a country with a GDP of $14.2 trillion is nigh impossible. At the very least, an apology would be nice. But even that proved too much to bear for the 70 percent of whites who opposed last year's formal apology for slavery.
Affirmative Action? This is yet another sore spot for whites, 74% of whom oppose giving some racial groups preference for private sector jobs to increase diversity.
Whites support the status quo and no wonder, it has been very good for them these last 500 years.
But here is the way I view the situation: life is like the game of Monopoly. African-Americans were not even allowed to play until 1865 and then for the next hundred years whites let them roll the dice but not collect their full $200 for passing Go or inherit the money in the middle for landing on Free Parking. Today African-Americans are free to buy anything they wish; only they are unable to afford much given whites 400 year head start.

The effects of slavery and Jim Crow reverberate today in the disparity between white and black wealth. According to the Consumer Federation of America, median household wealth among blacks is less than a quarter of that of whites and eighty percent of African-American children begin their adult lives with no assets whatsoever. But according to Melvin Oliver, co-author of Black Wealth/White Wealth, "That's not the case for white kids. If they don't have financial resources in hand, they have access to them through their families. Most black kids don't have that available to them."
Oliver goes on to add that "as much as 80 percent of the wealth people accumulate over the course of their lifetimes actually begins as a gift from a relative. That gift can come in the form of a down payment on a first home, a college education, or an inheritance from a parent or grandparent."
You can see this disparity in action when comparing the current occupant of the Oval Office with the prior tenant. Bush used his familial connections to avert financial ruin, then buy the Texas Rangers and finally win the Presidency with a little help from his baby brother. Obama on the other hand had to run a nearly flawless campaign against a clearly overmatched and seemingly senile opponent to win last year's election.
And for those who think racism is no longer relevant, look at the compromises Obama had to make to win the presidency such as speaking out against reparations and throwing his own pastor the Reverand Jeremiah Wright under the bus. The compromises continue in the Obama cabinet, which has plenty of room for white mediocrities such as Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner. Judging by the racial makeup of the cabinet, there is only one fellow African-American, Attorney General Eric Holder, competent enough to advise our President.
And we call this progress? It sounds like more of the same white mediocrities in high places to me.
If we can afford to spend nearly a trillion dollars bailing out the predominantly white bankers whose greed got us into this recession, what's another trillion to pay back the people who helped build this country through the blood and sweat of their forced labor?
To those who complain that their ancestors did not personally own slaves, I say suck it up.This country would be in more disarray that it is already if we all personally decided where our tax dollars went. Seventeen states fund abortions for poor women. What about all the pro-life people in those states who must fund a procedure they consider murder? And what about the Amish, Quakers and other pacifists currently paying for the wars of the Middle East with their tax money?
To those who contend the paying out of reparations is too complicated, I offer up the Germans who figured out a way to do it. If the United States of America can put a man on the moon, we can surely figure out a fair way to divvy up reparations.

Seed Newsvine


Salon.com
Comments
I believe in affirmative action, and yes, an apology would be nice.
If we agree that not only an apology, but reparations are in order even I am not surprised that most white folks disagree - definitely check out Noah's Dr. Seuss story. The question becomes how are reparations paid out?
@Harp - I like your suggestion that reparations should be given back to communities - can you imagine what those hundreds of billions that we paid to the thieves that got us into this recession could do if invested in inner city communities, education, black cultural and economic institutions, etc?
I am grateful that you brought this discussion to OS. Rated, reddited and emailed.
From LetsGoHawks:
I say no, they don't.
1) All of the former American slaves are dead. So are their children and most if not all of their grandchildren. We would not be compensating the victims of the crime but their descendants. This is not to argue slavery did not have an effect the current conditions in black America, but where do you draw the line? If my Great Grandfather had all of his money stolen and I figure out who did it, should I be able to sue the descendants of that person? They didn't commit the crime, why should they suffer?
2) How do you decide who gets paid, and how much? Everyone would need to have their geneology researched to figure out the percentage. What if a person has a white grandmother and a spanish great grandfather? Or what if one parent goes all the way back to slave ancestors but the other migrated to the US from Europe about 20 years ago?
3) What about the payors? In my case, my Mother came to the US in the mid 1960's. Half of my Dad's family came to the US during the Civil War. Do I only need to pay a 25% share since my ancestors didn't commit the crime?
4) Reparations aren't going to help black America that much. Are they going to make fathers stick around? Make parents make their kids go to school and try? Encourage condom use to prevent unwanted pregnancies which are a big part of why people get trapped in poverty? Make pop culture stop glorifying the drugs 'n thugs lifestyle?
Instead of reparations, perhaps we could start providing better social services designed to solve root cause issues that affect not just the black community but ALL people stuck in a cycle of poverty.
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From ehorgan:
Ugh.
No. Crazily racist article. Nothing that article says about white people applies to me or to any but 1 of my friends/family. We worked for what we have, just like most other white people in this country. None of us owned slaves, most of my great-grandparents came to this country after the civil war. I feel I don't owe a dime. It's unfortunate that people have to deal with racism, and irresponsible parents, but again, that's not my fault. It's unfortunate that instead of investment, saving, etc., I see young black men waste their money on gold chains, rims, cars, etc., but again, that's not my fault. It's unfortunate that I see more young black men going into unskilled jobs than going to college, but since the same opportunities were open to them (including a LOT more scholarship opportunities, and more opportunities for loans), it's not my fault, and I'm not paying anything.
I'm more than willing to pay taxes to support programs to help people out of poverty, help them get the healthcare they need, help them buy a home to begin building wealth, and help them go to school ... as long as those programs are color-blind. But to give a hand-out to a segment of the population just because of skin color seems like a gigantic step backwards to me.
http://www.reddit.com/r/reddit.com/comments/8snbl/affirmative_action_dr_seuss_style_a_parable_on/?already_submitted=true
Should whites who never owned slave be exempt? Why should I pay, I never owned a slave ( my parents, grandparents, great grandparents, great great grandparents who lived in Mississippi no less) never owned slaves. They did not have plantations?
The whole issue is racist in nature. It assumes all blacks are victims and all whites were the cause. It is not true. What about whites who died to end slavery. I am not going to take the blame for what some whites did to some blacks just because of the color of my skin.
All we can do as a society is correct the problems. For the past 50 years there has been a certain amount of field leveling and I have no problem with affirmative action. Perfect no, could more be done? Sure and that is true with all problems.
Obama is the future. He did not run on race. And the majority of voters did not vote for or against him because of his race. Are there still racist out there, you bet, but they are not all white. It is time to move on and embrace the future not live in the past. The task at hand is to keep the playing field level as possible. The constitution grants all the right to pursue happiness, the pursuit is guaranteed not the results.
My ancestors fled Ireland and Scotland to escape religious and economic persecution. But, that was 150 years ago. I don't expect England to make good for some past mistakes made by people who are long gone and dead.
And if you think I am being rude consider this, my great grandfather came to this country in the hold of a ship, having been booted out of his native homeland. He worked in a coal mine to pay off his passage and living expense to the company, and had little or nothing left over. He finally escaped and homesteaded 160 acres of rough land. Everything he had he earned. Everything my grandfater got he earned. Everything my father got he earned and everything I have I earned.
we also need a formal apology, a national museum and monument.
And, Ron Kirk, Lisa Jackson and Susan Rice are also African American members of Obama's cabinet. It's not just Holder and the President.
"Eighty percent of African-American children begin their adult lives with no assets whatsoever. But according to Melvin Oliver, co-author of Black Wealth/White Wealth, "That's not the case for white kids. If they don't have financial resources in hand, they have access to them through their families. Most black kids [for generations] don't have that available to them, [nor will their offspring."]
Their inheritances, whether great or small, were violently usurped.
As to your main point of reparations. I agree that the emancipated slaves should have been compensated somehow. But it's now 150 years after the fact. It's just way too complicated to figure out who should pay whom.
As an alternative, I think the society would benefit from a huge 'do-over' once every 50-100 years. In the bible there is the year of the jubilee every 50th year when the land was redistributed. In your analogy of monopoly, every player starts out with equal shares. Likewise I think it's healthy in a capitalist economy to have a one-time wealth redistribution every 50 years or so, and then let people compete on an equal basis the rest of the time.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/29/AR2008072902279.html
Harp: Thanks for the comment: the people on Reddit called me an irrational racist. Anyways I like your realistic approach.
Cartouche: And don't forget Limbaugh. He's an even bigger racist than O'Reilly. Remember the Donavan McNabb brouhaha a few years ago?
Shivaun: Thanks for the information. I was unaware of how much slaves taught their masters. This is something I was never taught in my history courses.
The majority of families do not pass any great amount of wealth to the next generation. This is true for both white and black families. I would imagine most inheritances amount to far less than a years wages for the recepients.
This idea that whites collectively have had 4 generations to generate their wealth in my estimation does not hold any merit. The majority of this country are poor, working class, and lower middle and middle class families. What my great great great grandfather did or accumulated has no impact on my personal wealth. And I don't think this is atypical of most whites in this country.
The whole idea of reparations is racist. It is making the assumption all white people participated in slavery. And it seeks compensation from the government (tax payers) not the individuals who practiced slavery. Why should your taxes go up for something a person did 150 years ago to a person who is dead?
Throughout this country's history it has tried to correct this evil that was once accepted in the world. Not just in the white world, but the entire black, white, Asian, Middle East and Latin world. We tend to think of slavery as a uniquely white enterprise, but truth is almost every civilizations in the new and old world including Africa has practiced slavery.
Frankly I am not going to take the rap or pay for someone else's actions white or black. Sorry I don't have this collective guilt about racism because I am white. My responsibility ends at my actions not the actions of others.
A 100 trillion dollars, please what a crock. Why not just say a gazillion since it is all made up numbers anyway.
The Consumer Federation of America report found that median household wealth among blacks grew 321% between 1989 and 1998, from $3,680 in 1989 to $15,500. However, that still was less than a quarter of the $71,700 accumulated by the typical American household.
http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/general/2002-08-30-black-savings_x.htm
The $100 trillion figure comes from a reputable source: Harper's Magazine as well. It wouldn't be that difficult to arrive at a figure. Simply determine the number of slaves then times that by the minimum wage level for that time period, etc.
But like I said in the article, that would be an impossible figure to pay back. I think affirmative action is a worthwhile compromise.
BikeLizard: Reread my first paragraph. Sixty-seven percent of blacks feel reparations are in order. That hardly sounds like they consider "it a reminder they can be bought and sold".
Insurance actuaries put a price on human suffering every day. It's not sickening but a necessary part of life and death sometimes.
Do you propose we do away with life insurance because it is too sickening to determine how much a human life is worth?
Reparations were owed to those directly harmed by slavery, not their descendants. No one owes me a thing for the harm done to my ancestors. I never lived in that world. What happened in those times was morally reprehensible to both of us. You , however, make the claim that since my skin is lighter than yours that I carry the guilt that rightfully belongs to the same people that held my ancestors in bondage.
I did have ancestors here in the early days of the country. One was a general in Washingtons army. My direct ancestors came here in the late 19th century and worked in coal mines. They owned no slaves. Would you have me pay reparations to you? For no reason other than the color of my skin?
I mean you no disrespect. My questions are meant to provide food for thought on this sensitive subject. The issue is not so cut and dried as it would appear on first glance. The history on the treatment and conditions that met my ancestors is available but is widely ignored.
For example minimum wage did not exist. Most worked for enough to eat and a place to live, period. So if you are going to use a wage factor you have to back out room and board since slaves did not pay either. Also, what about slaves who had greater value as workers, or skilled workers? Should they be compensated more than say a laborer? Or is it a sort of communist idea of all are equal?
The problems with formulas is that they mean nothing. 100 trillion dollars is assuming everything is constant. People make and loose fortunes all the time. White farmers who share cropped lived hand to mouth and also had to accept the risk of a failed crop. Again if we are going to apply some formula you have to account for variations in economic conditions.
I am not denying blacks in the past faced hardships and unfair labor and economic discrepancies. Today, we have free education for almost anyone who wants it and if you are poor you access to college grants and loans. But, how many (white and black) make the most of the opportunity? Our society just can't keep blaming the past for the present problems in communities and families for ever.
There is no dispute there are more middle class and upper middle class whites and they will provide more opportunities for their families. It is not about race it is about family ties. I am not working for the white race. I bust my hump for my family not the next door neighbor's family. And blacks are no different. They are working for their families, not some cosmic black community.
I have no problems with paying taxes for schools and roads and hospitals. There is no problems in my eyes with giving minorities a leg up in the way of grants and other economic opportunities. Not because I feel guilty for some past offense in history, but because it is the only way to even out the discrepancies. If someone does not take advantage of the opportunity, then tough. There will be no free check for something that may or may not have happened to their great, great great grandfather.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm
"British merchants became involved in the trade and eventually dominated the market. They built coastal forts in Africa where they kept the captured Africans until the arrival of the slave-ships. The merchants obtained the slaves from African chiefs by giving them goods from Europe. At first, these slaves were often the captured soldiers from tribal wars. However, the demand for slaves become so great that raiding parties were organised to obtain young Africans."
So, following the line of reasoning behind reparation, a good few African countries *also* owe reparation to the descendants of slaves. Considering the financial/social disarray of most African countries, I can't see that one working out well.
Slavery is/was wrong *however*, the mores of the day were such that the whites, initially, were merely taking advantage of a system that had been in place in Africa for millenia.
Finally, ask yourself this: would you rather be a descendant of a slave, who now has a home, electricity, clean, running water, an education and all the perks of "civilised" life *because* your ancestors were brought over to America/Britain, or would you rather be a descendant of one of the African tribal slave traders, who faces unspeakable horrors every day, no clean water, no electricity, little to no education available etc?
If anyone wants to go forward with reparation, give the money towards fighting the modern slave trade. Those are the only slaves that need help nowadays.
*sigh*
Webbi
In most countries they are still slaves, can't drive, can't go to school, must carry and bear many children and do all the work.
It was only 60 years ago that women couldn't go to college in the U.S.
But you don't hear us asking for reparations.
Racism is an UGLY thing no matter the color or the person guilty of being racist. A black person calling me a "filthy redskin" is JUST as guilty of racism as a white person calling me a "filthy redskin".
Bottom line is, it's hard to be poor. Being poor sucks, no matter what color you are. I'd say pay "reparations" to poor white folk before rich black folk any day of the week. They need the help more.
I rather dislike the concept of "race" anyway. We're all humans. What if one parent is white and one is black? Will we base reparations on how oppressed you were? What if you come from, say, a family that is a first generation legal immigrant family that never owned slaves. Should you be forced to pay reparations?
I say we help out the poorest and neediest among us, white, black, or other - and try for a color blind society. Period. Anything else will just increase racial tensions and highlight "differences" between people that are ridiculous. We all can breed true, people. One day with any luck we'll all just be a blended, "raceless" kind of brownish society. Doesn't that sound nice? Interbreeding to the point where the entire concept of race is ridiculous?
Interbreeding to solve racial issues, not reparations. That's the incandescent solution. ;) (I can usually find a way to use sex to solve almost any problem.)
But, just because it is difficult, does not mean it is wrong-headed to consider this. Even an apology would be a step in the right direction. Has this ever happened? Has the US government ever formally apologized to the descendents of slaves? If not, maybe that is the first step.
And what about the Amish, Quakers and other pacifists currently paying for the wars of the Middle East with their tax money?
My point is we don't get to choose where our tax money goes. And yes, African-Americans will partly be paying for their own reparations. Ironic, I know.
JK Brady: I mentioned the apology, which 70 percent of white America opposed, in the original post.
LOL @ cartouche.......I'm not sure how Fox News fits into this idea. But, at least I had a good laugh.
Do you even know the real meaning of "racist"? Or do you prefer the one that Al Sharpton says covers just about any remark made about a black person?
With all due respect, you're sounding like a liberal, and the only thing as bad as a liberal is a conservative...
My response to your "suck it up" comment, is suck it up and work hard to make the wealth your ancestors couldn't make. What happened to the African Americans was abhorrent, as was what happened to the Native Americans, the Women, and many many others... But what's past it past. You can't turn back the clock, and frankly you shouldn't try. Who gets to decide what's fair and equitable for such past evils? Who do you trust to make that call?
The fact of the matter is, there's immigrants coming into this country every day with nothing but the shirts off their backs and a dream. And yet, they manage to carve out a life for themselves through hard work, and hopefully the next generation does a little better then the last...
My own ancestors were only in this country for maybe two generations, but they worked their tails off farming and did the best they could. And now, I'm carrying on that tradition. I DO NOT want you or anyone else trying to tailor the perfect society or correct past ills with your half baked social programs.
Yes, we MUST keep a vigilant eye out against discrimination against sex, race, gender, ect... We must struggle to keep the playing field as even as possible... But the lesser of two evils is and always will be keeping the governments nose out of our affairs as much as possible. I don't care what your party affiliation is, they're ALL crooks, and not ONE of them has the answer for social ills. And if they say they do, they're lying.
Blacks Deserve Reparations for Slavery
- Ryan from online dating service
the duration of our holocaust..the most significant
part of jewish reparations on behalf of the
germans and the UN was the freeing up of jewish
thinkers.. allowing them to think for a national
behalf...what we africans in a america need
more than ever is a place to go lick our wounds
to come and learn who we are and what we
must peacefully do..we need an instituition that
is our own to cure the mental disease of slavery.
institutions as grand and dedicated
as the colonial europeans were to creating the
condition of slavery..peace